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Educating for Complexity

The article argues that hybrid warfare — combining conventional military force with cyber operations, information campaigns, economic pressure, and proxy actors — creates a level of complexity and ambiguity that traditional military education is ill-equipped to address. To prepare officers for this environment, professional military education must prioritize four interconnected capacities: systems thinking, multidomain literacy, epistemic humility, and values-based decision-making, enabling leaders to adapt, learn, and exercise judgment under conditions of uncertainty. Ultimately, the author contends that future military success will depend less on technology or force structure than on developing reflective practitioner-strategists who can think critically, navigate complexity, and uphold ethical standards in rapidly changing conflicts.